Top 10 Dinosaurs That Aren’t What They Were

10.Stegosaurus Before:[img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/stegosaurus.jpg?resize=322%2C400[/img] After:[img]http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/stegosaurus2.jpg?resize=548%2C312[/img] Stegosaurus is perhaps one of the most recognizable of all prehistoric animals; it is nearly impossible to mistake it for another creature. It was once thought of as that heavy, small-headed dinosaur with an arched back and a dragging tail, sporting four spikes that pointed upwards. Popular books always brought up the fact that Stegosaurus had a brain the size of a walnut. However, Stegosaurus, like many dinosaurs, has changed a lot since. Fossil footprints and detailed studies of its anatomy have proven that Stegosaurus didn’t drag its tail on the mud, but actually walked erect, like an elephant, with its tail held horizontally, parallel to the ground and with tail spikes pointing to the sides to make it more deadly. Its back wasn’t as arched as they had us believe, and the neck was not carried horizontally as usually depicted, but upright. Also it has a brain TWICE the size of a walnut... not necessarily flattering but better than before. 9. Diplodocus [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/image002.jpg?resize=550%2C371[/img] http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/diplodocus-vladimir-nikolov.jpg?resize=550%2C386 Sauropods were once thought to be huge, clumsy denizens of the swamps, spending most of their time underwater feeding on aquatic plants; their huge weight (up to 50 tons or more) was said to be too much for the creatures to properly move on land. It was also said that, when attacked, sauropods would hide in the water; their nostrils were located in the top of the skull so they could breathe while submerged and escape the fearsome carnivores of their time (which were thought to be unable to swim). Today, however, we know that sauropods didn’t live in swamps. They had legs shaped like columns; their legs looked like stumps or like tree trunks, and were exclusively adapted to support their massive weight.Their tail wasn’t dragged but held horizontally, parallel to the ground. We now know that these dinosaurs didn’t need to hide from predators; they could severely injure them, or even kill them, with their tails, which could not only be swung like a monstrously fast and powerful whip, but was also equipped with bony spines that supported keratinous blades. 8. Velociraptor [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/velociraptor.jpg?resize=548%2C352[/img] [img]http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/velociprot.jpg?resize=550%2C396[/img] Velociraptor was practically unknown to the public before Jurassic Park, and has been causing confusion ever since. When most people thinks of Velociraptor, they remember the large, lizard-like, wickedly smart villains from JP. But as we all probably know the Velociraptors depicted in the movie were drastically fantasized.But Velociraptor has changed a lot since Jurassic Park, The real Velociraptor was a small animal, about the size of a large dog with about the intelligence of modern day wolves, and due to amazing discoveries of Asian fossils it has been proven that many small predatory dinosaurs, including Velociraptor, had feathers. Today, almost all paleoartists draw Velociraptor, Deinonychus and many of their relatives covered in feathers. 7. Spinosaurus [img]http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/spinosaurus.jpg?resize=550%2C341[/img] [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/spinosaurus-swimming.jpg?resize=548%2C412[/img] Spinosaurus became famous in 2001, when it was depicted in Jurassic Park III, where it fought and killed a Tyrannosaurus Rex. Spinosaurus has been known since 1912, when a German paleontologist, Ernst Stromer, found its enormous remains in Egypt. Even then, Stromer was convinced that Spinosaurus had been as large, or even larger, than Tyrannosaurus Rex. Unfortunately the remains were destroyed in an allied bombing. However, in recent years, and following the release of Jurassic Park III, paleontologists have announced, based on newly found specimens, that indeed, Spinosaurus is the largest carnivorous dinosaur known; it could grow up to 18 meters long and between 7-10 tons. Spinosaurus also turned out to look very different from the pictures in the books; it didn’t have a short snout, but long, crocodile-like jaws armed with conical teeth. Also, its arms weren’t short, but rather long and powerful, armed with enormous hooked claws.Recent analysis of its teeth and skeleton have suggested that Spinosaurus may have been a semi-aquatic animal, spending most of its time either wading or swimming to catch large fish (sharks included), as well as crocodiles and anything else it could capture. Its strong forearms would aid in swimming and the strong claws would hook, kill and help dismembering large prey. 6. Psittacosaurus [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/psittacosaurus.jpg?resize=386%2C400[/img] [img]http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/psittacosaurus_sibiricus_final.jpg?resize=550%2C353[/img] Psittacosaurus was never an extremely famous dinosaur, but it was one of the classics found in almost all popular books on the subject. It was named for its curved beak which resembled that of modern parrots (Psittacidae), but other than that it was always depicted as a rather plain-looking dinosaur. It seems, however, that Psittacosaurus was one of the most successful and abundant dinosaurs of its time; hundreds of specimens have been found, and some of them, found recently in China, were so well preserved that they not only included fossilized bones, but also the outline of the body, and even skin impressions from the creatures. Due to these amazing fossils we know that Psittacosaurus was anything but plain-looking. Its beak may have resembled that of a parrot, but its head was more reminiscent of a warthog, with strange bony protrusions that gave it an intimidating appearance; one species, Psittacosaurus sibiricus, even had horns. But perhaps the most unusual feature of Psittacosaurus was the long, quill-like filaments on its tail. These may have been some kind of proto-feathers, perhaps brightly colored to attract a mate or intimidate a rival, or perhaps they actually were akin to porcupine quills and were used in self defense. Some paleontologists have even suggested that the quills may have been venomous. Whatever the truth is, it seems obvious that Psittacosaurus was among the most bizarre of all dinosaurs. 5.Compsognathus [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/compsognathus_02.jpg?resize=550%2C366[/img] [img]http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/compsognathus.jpg?resize=548%2C471[/img] Most dinosaur books claimed that Compsognathus was the smallest dinosaur. Invariably described as chicken-sized, Compsognathus was depicted as a small, lizard-like creature with two fingers on each hand. Very similar to the man-eating “compys” of the first Jurassic Park sequel. Today, due to new discoveries and studies we know that Compsognathus could actually grow larger than a chicken (although not much larger), and that it didn’t have two, but three clawed fingers on each hand. Perhaps the most surprising find is that some Compsognathus relatives were feathered, too. In China, the exceptionally well preserved remains of Sinosauropteryx, a Compsognathus-like animal, were found, proving that the creature had a coat of fur-like proto-feathers covering almost its entire body. As amazing as it may seem, Sinosauropteryx has also become the first dinosaur of which the original coloration is known. Thanks to the study of microscopic pigment structures in the Sinosauropteryx’s feathers, we know the creature had a reddish-orange color, with orange and white stripes on its long tail, making it look very similar to a modern day coatimundi. There was some debate for a while on whether Compsognathus also had feathers or not, since another close relative, Juravenator, had been found with skin impressions that showed scales, not feathers. However, a recent study found a fur-like covering on Juravenator too, which means that, indeed, Compsognathus is likely to have been feathered as well. 4. Archaeopteryx [img]http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/archaeopteryx.jpg?resize=550%2C442[/img] [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/archaeopteryx_lithographica_by_dustdevil.jpg?resize=548%2C375[/img] Often called “the first bird”, Archaeopteryx is one of those creatures you could find in any book on dinosaurs or evolution. Often considered to be a sort of “missing link” between reptiles and birds, Archaeopteryx has been used as a mascot by both scientists trying to prove evolution, and creationists trying to disprove it (by claiming that Archaeopteryx is simply a bird). However, the fossil evidence shows that both scientists and creationists were wrong. As more and more feathered dinosaurs are found in China, some of them even more similar to birds than Archaeopteryx, it becomes obvious that this creature was not the missing link, and was not a bird either, but one hundred per cent dinosaur. Its anatomy, actually, is very similar to that of the early raptor dinosaurs, the same lineage that would eventually lead to Deinonychus and Velociraptor. It even has the same retractable, sickle-shaped claw on each foot! It now seems likely that raptor dinosaurs were actually the flightless descendants of feathered, flying dinosaurs like Archaeopteryx. There’s also evidence suggesting that Archaeopteryx could grow to larger sizes than usually claimed, and that it had feathers not only on its forelimbs, but also on its hind limbs. 3.Parasaurolophus [img]http://i0.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/parasaurolophus.jpg?resize=313%2C400[/img] [img]http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/10-parasaurolophus-walkeri.jpg?resize=548%2C215[/img] The most classic of all duck-billed dinosaurs, Parasaurolophus was once believed to have been a semi-aquatic creature. Its flat, duck-like bill, and what seemed to be webbing between its toes and fingers led many paleontologists to believe that it fed on soft aquatic vegetation and it ran to water when attacked by its enemies.Even the long, tube-like crest on its head was thought to be a snorkel, or perhaps an oxygen reservoir. However, later studies proved all of this wrong. There was no opening on the end of the Parasaurolophus’ crest; it was useless as a snorkel. And although there were air passages on the inside of the crest, these were strangely shaped, and not really ideal for storing air. Also, the webbing between the fingers and toes turned out to be fleshy pads that kept the digits together. The fingers and toes were equipped with hooves, which proved that Parasaurolophus and other duck-billed dinosaurs were adapted to walking on dry ground, not swimming. If attacked by a predator, they were able to run bipedally, and if cornered they could smack their attacker with their heavy tail. There was no need to run to the water. So, what was the Parasaurolophus’ crest for? The answer was more amazing than any of the previous theories; turns out, Parasaurolophus used the crest to produce and amplify its calls; by regulating the air that went through the air passages on the inside of the crest, the creature could modulate its vocalizations, and probably had an extensive “vocal range”, just like some birds today. By using computer models, paleontologists were even able to reproduce the sounds Parasaurolophus probably made over 70 million years ago. 2. Tyrannosaurus Rex [img]http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/knight_trex.jpg?resize=550%2C412[/img] [img]http://i1.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/field_guide_trex1.jpg?resize=550%2C298[/img] We reach now the most famous of all dinosaurs, the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex. Up to 14 meters long and weighing up to 9 tons, this bone-crushing predator has a long story of inaccurate depictions. Shown in old movies and book illustrations as a lizard-like monster with a square, plain-looking skull, a long tail being dragged on the ground and a tripod-like stance, T-Rex would later be found to be much more imposing. In real life, Tyrannosaurus walked in an horizontal stance, with the tail held above the ground. Although this means it was actually shorter than the classic, tripod-Rex version, it also means that it was a much more agile animal, able to run at high speed and quickly capture prey with its massive jaws. Its head was not square, and it was not as lizard-like as old movies had made us believe. It actually had a unique shape, different to any other dinosaur, with a narrow snout, eyes that looked forwards (giving it highly accurate depth perception), and a series of knobs over the snout which were probably covered on keratin when the animal was alive. This all gave T-Rex a much more frightening appearance than the giant lizards in say, King Kong.Although people often wonder why T-Rex’s arms were so small and weak, they were actually quite robust and had very strong muscles; it is believed that T-Rex could lift over 100 kgs—although they were obviously not used for lifting stuff, and were probably used to hold onto prey while delivering a fatal bite to the neck or spine.Once again, new discoveries from China have confirmed that the earliest T-Rex relatives had feathers. Some paleontologists believe that this meant T-Rex would have feathers, too, at least during a part of its life. Although actual evidence of feathers on T-Rex has yet to be found, it is possible that very young Tyrannosaurus had a downy coat, and that as they grew larger, they lost them, partially or completely, since very large animals don’t need insulation as much as small ones. 1.Triceratops [img]http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/triceratopsillustration.jpg?resize=548%2C356[/img] [img]http://i2.wp.com/listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/triceratops.jpg?resize=550%2C285[/img] And finally we get to number one, Triceratops, the T-Rex’s stereotypical arch-nemesis, and one of the largest members of the Ceratopsidae, or horned dinosaur family. Just like Stegosaurus, Triceratops is hard to mistake for any other animal. It has become fixed in our mind as this giant rhinoceros-like, parrot-beaked three horned reptile, with skin like an elephant or a rhino and sprawled forelegs. We are also pretty sure that Triceratops was a plant-eater. Being one of the most abundant and successful dinosaurs of its time, however, it was only a matter of time before new Triceratops material revealed its incredible secrets. Turns out, Triceratops was bigger than we thought, and it didn’t have skin like an elephant or a rhino. Instead, it had a series of alligator-like, flat scales, called scutes, on its belly, and the rest of its body was covered in large scales and knobs. Its back and tail also had a series of weird, fist-sized bumps, each one holding a nipple-like structure which has yet to be explained by scientists. These structures may very well be anchoring points for porcupine-like quills, like those found on Triceratops’ older cousin, Psittacosaurus. Or perhaps, some scientists suggest, they were poison glands, oozing toxins to protect the Triceratops’ hindquarters from T-Rex attacks. It may also have been both, or none- we still have no way to know for certain. That’s not all. Triceratops’ forelegs were not sprawled; a study of its limbs proved that it actually walked erect, like an elephant, and used only the three inner toes of its forelegs to hold weight, while the other two toes were vestigial and didn’t touch the ground. This also suggests Triceratops was much faster and more agile than usually thought.And finally, the weirdest part. After examining the beak and jaws, paleontologists reached the conclusion that Triceratops may have been partially carnivorous, probably scavenging after T-Rex, or even scaring smaller predators away from their kills. Its strong jaws were able to crush bone and flesh as easily as they could grind plant material. The result would be an incredibly bizarre-looking, intimidating beast that behaved more like a giant wild boar or an entelodont than the placid vegetarian of classic imagery. We simply will never look at Triceratops the same way now.